Unit 1: Introduction and The Analysis of a Text
1.1. Introduction
1.2. The analysis of the text
1.3. Reading the text
1.4. The intention of the text
1.5. The intention of the translator
1.6. Text styles
1.7. The readership
1.8. Stylistic scales

1.9. Attitude
1.10. Setting
1.11. The quality of the writing
1.12. Connotations and denotations
1.13. The last reading
1.14. Conclusion

Unit 2: The Process of Translation
2.1. Introduction
2.2. The relation of translating to translation theory
2.3. The approach
2.4. The textual level
2.5. The referential level
2.6. The cohesive level

Unit 3: Translation Methods
3.1. Introduction
3.2. The methods
3.3. Comments on the methods
3.4. Equivalent effect
3.5. Methods and Lext-categories
3.6. Translating
3.7. Other methods

Unit 3: Translation Methods
3.1. Introduction
3.2. The methods
3.3. Comments on the methods
3.4. Equivalent effect
3.5. Methods and Lext-categories
3.6. Translating
3.7. Other methods

Unit 4: Types of Translation
4.1. Literal Translation
4.1.1. Introduction
4.1.2. Varieties of close translation
4.1.3. The translation of poetry
4.1.4. Faithful and false friends
4.1.5. Words in their context
4.1.6. Elegant variations

4.1.7. Back-translation of text
4.1.8. Accepted translation
4.1.9. Constraints on literal translation
4.1.10. Natural translation
4.1.11. Re-creative translation
4.1.12. Literary translation
4.1.13. The sub-text
4.1.14. The notion of the “no-equivalent” word
4.1.15. The role of context

4.2. Technical Translation
4.2.1. Introduction
4.2.2. Technical style
4.2.3. Terms
4.2.4. Varieties of technical style
4.2.5. Technical and descriptive terms
4.2.6. Beginning technical translation
4.2.7. Translation method
4.2.8. The title
4.2.9. Going through the text
4.2.10. Conclusion

Unit 5: The Other Translation Procedures
6.1. Transference
6.2. Naturalisation
6.3. Cultural equivalent
6.4. Functional equivalent
6.5. Descriptive equivalent
6.6. Synonymy
6.7. Through-translation
6.8. Shifts or transpositions
6.9. Modulation
6.10. Recognised translation
6.11. Translation label
6.12. Compensation
6.13. Componential analysis
6.14. Reduction and expansion
6.15. Paraphrase
6.16. Other procedures
6.17. Couplets
6.18. Notes, additions, glosses

Unit 5: The Other Translation Procedures
6.1. Transference
6.2. Naturalisation
6.3. Cultural equivalent
6.4. Functional equivalent
6.5. Descriptive equivalent
6.6. Synonymy
6.7. Through-translation
6.8. Shifts or transpositions
6.9. Modulation
6.10. Recognised translation
6.11. Translation label
6.12. Compensation
6.13. Componential analysis
6.14. Reduction and expansion
6.15. Paraphrase
6.16. Other procedures
6.17. Couplets
6.18. Notes, additions, glosses

Unit 6: Translation and Culture
6.1. Definitions
6.2. Cultural categories
6.3. General considerations
6.4. Ecology
6.5. Material culture
6.6. Social culture
6.7. Social organisation - political and administrative
6.8. Gestures and habits
6.9. Summary of procedures

Unit 7: The Translation and vocabulary
7.1. Translation of Metaphors
7.1.1. Definitions
7.1.2. Translating metaphors
7.1.3. Types of metaphor

Unit 8: Equivalence in Translation and Translation Criticism
7.1. Equivalence
7.1.1. Translation Equivalence
7.1.2. Conditions of translation
7.1.3. Equivalence
7.1.4. Transference
7.2. Translation Criticism
7.2.1. Introduction
7.2.2. Planofcriticism
7.2.3. Text analysts
7.2.4. The translator's purpose